Lacan, Jacques . His seminars in the 1. French letters in the 1.

Anglophone world as . Through the work of Louis Pierre Althusser (and more lately Ernesto Laclau, Jannis Stavrokakis and Slavoj Zizek), Lacanian theory has also left its mark on political theory, and particularly the analysis of ideology and institutional reproduction.

This article seeks to outline something of the philosophical heritage and importance of Lacan's theoretical work. After introducing Lacan, it focuses primarily on Lacan's philosophical anthropology, philosophy of language, psychoanalysis and philosophy of ethics.

Table of Contents. Biographical and General Introduction.

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Biography. Intellectual Biography. Theoretical Project. Lacan's Philosophical Anthropology. The Mirror Stage Desire is the Desire of the Other Oedipal Complex, Castration, Name of the Father, and the Big Other The Law and Symbolic Identification Summary Lacan's Diagnostic Categories Lacan's Philosophy of Language Language and Law Psychoanalysis as Interpretation. The Curative Efficacy of the . Biographical and General Introductiona. Biography. Jacques- Marie- .

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After completing his baccalaur. In 1. 92. 7, Lacan commenced clinical training and began to work at psychiatric institutions, meeting and working with (amongst others) the famous psychiatrist Gaetan Gatian de Clerambault. His doctoral thesis, on paranoid psychosis, was passed in 1. Navigator Software For Samsung Mobile Download Whatsapp Pc on this page. In 1. 93. 4, he became a member of La Societe Psychoanalytique de Paris (SPP), and commenced an analysis lasting until the outbreak of the war.

During the Nazi occupation of France, Lacan ceased all official professional activity in protest against those he called . Lacan's career as both a theoretician and practicioner did not end with this excommunication, however. In 1. 96. 3, he founded L'Ecole Freudienne de Paris (EFP), a school devoted to the training of analysts and the practicing of psychoanalysis according to Lacanian stipulations. In 1. 98. 0, having single- handedly dissolved the EFP, he then constituted the Ecole for . Intellectual Biography. Lacan's first major theoretical publication was his piece . Its publication was followed by an extended period wherein he published little.

In 1. 94. 9, though, it was re- presented to wider recognition. In 1. 95. 3, on the back of the success of his Rome dissertation to the SPP on . It was in this forum that he developed and ceaselessly revised the ideas with which his name has become associated. Although Lacan was famously ambivalent about publication, the seminars were transcribed by various of his followers, and several have been translated into English. Lacan published a selection of his most important essays in 1. Ecrits. An abridged version of this text is available in an English- language edition (see References and Further Reading). Theoretical Project.

Lacan's avowed theoretical intention, from at least 1. Moreover, as Jacques Derrida has remarked, Lacan's work is characterized by an engagement with modern philosophy (notably Descartes, Kant, Hegel, Heidegger and Sartre) unmatched by other psychoanalytic theorists, especially informed by his attendance at Andre Kojeve's hugely influential Paris lectures on Hegel from 1. Lacan's Philosophical Anthropology a. The Mirror Stage. Lacan's article . At this age, Lacan notes, children become capable of recognizing their mirror image.

This is not a dispassionate experience, either. It is a recognition that brings the child great pleasure. For Lacan, we can only explain this . Before this time, Lacan contends (drawing on contemporary psychoanalytic observation), the child is little more than a . They turn around the fact that, if it holds, then the genesis of individuals' sense of individuation can in no way be held to issue from the .

The I is an Other from the ground up, for Lacan (echoing and developing a conception of the ego already mapped out in Freud's Ego and Id). The truth of this dictum, as Lacan comments in . It is more simply registered in the fact that it remains a permanent possibility of adult human experience for us to speak and think of ourselves in the second or third person.

What is decisive in these phenomena, according to Lacan, is that the ego is at base an object: an artificial projection of subjective unity modelled on the visual images of objects and others that the individual confronts in the world. Identification with the ego, Lacan accordingly maintains, is what underlies the unavoidable component of aggressivity in human behaviour especially evident amongst infants, and which Freud recognised in his Three Essays on Sexuality when he stressed the primordial ambivalence of children towards their love object(s) (in the oral phase, to love is to devour; in the anal phase, it is to master or destroy. Desire is the Desire of the Other. It is on the basis of this fundamental understanding of identity that Lacan maintained throughout his career that desire is the desire of the Other. What is meant by him in this formulation is not the triviality that humans desire others, when they sexually desire (an observation which is not universally true).

Again developing Freud's theorization of sexuality, Lacan's contention is rather that what psychoanalysis reveals is that human- beings need to learn how and what to desire. Lacanian theory does not deny that infants are always born into the world with basic biological needs that need constant or periodic satisfaction. Lacan's stress, however, is that, from a very early age, the child's attempts to satisfy these needs become caught up in the dialectics of its exchanges with others. Because its sense of self is only ever garnered from identifying with the images of these others (or itself in the mirror, as a kind of other), Lacan argues that it demonstrably belongs to humans to desire- -- directly- -- as or through another or others. We get a sense of his meaning when we consider such social phenomena as fashion.

As the squabbling of children more readily testifies, it is fully possible for an object to become desirable for individuals because they perceive that others desire it, such that when these others' desire is withdrawn, the object also loses its allure. Lacan articulates this decentring of desire when he contends that what has happened to the biological needs of the individual is that they have become inseparable from, and importantly subordinated to, the vicissitudes of its demand for the recognition and love of other people. Events as apparently .

A hungry child may even refuse to eat food if it perceives that this food is offered less as a token of love than one of its parents' dissatisfaction or impatience. In this light, Lacan's important recourse to game theory also becomes explicable. For game theory involves precisely the attempt to formalize the possibilities available to individuals in situations where their decisions concerning their wants can in principle both affect and be affected by the decisions of others. As Lacan's article in the Ecrits on the .

In that essay, Lacan focuses on the dream of the butcher's wife in Freud's Interpretation of Dreams. As Freud comments, however, this dream becomes explicable when one considers how, after a patient has entered into analysis, her wishes are constructed (at least in part) in relation to the perceived wishes of the analyst. In this case, at least one of the wishes expressed by the dream was the woman's wish that Freud's desire (for his theory to be correct) be thwarted. In the same way, Lacan details how the deeper unconscious wish expressed in the manifest content of the dream (which featured the woman attempting to stage a dinner party with only one piece of smoked salmon) can only be comprehended as the coded fulfilment of a desire that her husband would not fulfill her every wish, and leave her with an unsatisfied desire. Oedipal Complex, Castration, Name of the Father, and the Big Other.