History of France. HISTORICAL BACKGROUNDPre- modern hominid populations migrated to France during Paleolithic times, and between 3. After 6. 00 B. C. Greek and Phoenician traders operated along the French Mediterranean coast, while Celts migrated westward from the Rhine valley, settling the territory later called Gaul by the Romans. The Romans under Julius Caesar conquered part of Gaul in 5. B. C., and it remained Roman until the Western Roman Empire disintegrated into small- scale agrarian settlements as the Franks invaded in the fifth century A.

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D. An interval of territorial consolidation occurred in the eighth century under the Frankish King Charlemagne, who took the title of Holy Roman Emperor. After his death, his three grandsons divided his empire among themselves and held territories corresponding roughly to France, Germany, and Italy. These territories became increasingly feudalized, with rule by numerous local lords. Vikings or “Northmen” raided coastal settlements, colonized Normandy, a territory named after them, and in 1. England, installing Duke William. In the meantime, from 9.

Capetian kings added to their domain, the region surrounding Paris known as the . As royal power gained ground against the feudal lords, the great monastic orders and emerging towns fueled an economic and cultural flowering. By 1. 32. 8 and the accession of Philip VI, the first of the Valois kings, France boasted the highest achievements of medieval European culture. This population, like others in Europe, suffered a demographic disaster after 1. Black Death (bubonic plague) entered France through Marseille and killed as many as one- third of the country’s inhabitants.

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A decade before the Black Death struck, disputed territorial and dynastic claims between France and England led to the Hundred Years’ War (1. France. When the French eventually won, with the help of the young Joan of Arc, the English retained no French possessions except Calais. The Valois dynasty’s holdings came to resemble modern France, once Burgundy and Brittany were added. After the 1. 54. 0s, the Protestantism of John Calvin spread throughout France and led to civil wars. The Edict of Nantes (1. Henry IV of the Bourbon dynasty, sustained Catholicism as the established religion of France but granted religious tolerance to the French Protestants (Huguenots) and calmed religious conflict.

Absolute monarchy reached its apogee in the reign of Louis XIV (1. Sun King, who built the Palace of Versailles, a celebration of French art and architecture. The ambitious projects and military campaigns of Louis and his successors led to chronic financial problems in the eighteenth century.

Deteriorating economic conditions and popular resentment against the system of privileges and tax exemptions enjoyed by the nobility and clergy were among the principal causes of the French Revolution (1. The Revolution ended unchecked monarchical rule, enhanced the power of non- noble elites, and brought more equitable land distribution to the peasantry. French revolutionary ideals. However, France’s own first experiment in republican and egalitarian government fell into turmoil, culminating in the “Reign of Terror.” France reverted to forms of dictatorship or constitutional monarchy on four occasions in the nineteenth century. Under Napol. Another defeat a half century later, in the Franco- Prussian War (1.

Napol. Throughout these changes in the political landscape, France remained among the world’s leaders in industrialization, science and technology, and eventually labor and social legislation. France was also a major participant in Europe’s colonial expansion, second only to Britain in the extent of its empire in Africa, the Middle East, and the Far East.

Finally, France remained a magnet for generations of avant- garde artists and writers. Despite these, France was defeated by Nazi Germany early in World War II. In 1. 94. 0 Nazi troops marched into an undefended Paris, and Marshal Henri Philippe P. France was divided into an occupied north and an unoccupied south, Vichy France, which became a German puppet state with P. Vichy France acquiesced in the plunder of French resources and the deportation of forced labor and Jews to Germany. After four years, Allied armies liberated France in August 1.

General Charles de Gaulle, the wartime leader of Free France. In 1. 94. 6 de Gaulle resigned, and a new constitution set up the Fourth Republic, featuring a parliamentary form of government controlled by a series of party coalitions. Under this governmental arrangement, France took important steps in promoting international cooperation, when it joined the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and spearheaded European integration. In 1. 95. 1, in a dramatic reconciliation, France and Germany, along with four other countries, founded the European Coal and Steel Community.

It featured a joint administration, parliament, and supreme court, institutions that still govern today’s European Union (EU). In 1. 95. 7 France and the same five countries created a broader economic bloc, the European Economic Community, or Common Market, when they acceded to the Treaty of Rome, the core agreement of the EU. Notwithstanding its accomplishments, the French government was prone to cabinet crises and proved inadequate to the challenge of the independence struggles of the country’s colonies in French Indochina, or present- day Vietnam (1. Algeria (1. 95. 4–6.

France’s war against communist insurgents in Indochina was abandoned after the defeat of French forces at Dien Bien Phu in 1. A revolt in Algeria proved so divisive in France as to threaten a military coup there, prompting the National Assembly in 1.

Gaulle to return as premier with extraordinary powers. Under the new Gaullist constitution for a Fifth Republic, which strengthened the presidency and reduced legislative power, he was elected president in December 1.

Under de Gaulle, the dissolution of France’s overseas empire continued. The French protectorates of Morocco and Tunisia had received independence in 1. In 1. 96. 0 French West Africa was partitioned, and the new nations were granted independence. Algeria, after a long civil war, finally became independent in 1. Many of the former colonies maintained close economic and cultural ties with France. In an example of France’s occasionally maverick foreign policy, de Gaulle took France out of the NATO military command in 1. De Gaulle’s government was weakened by massive protests in May 1.

France. The movement aimed at transforming the authoritarian, elitist French system of governance and came close to forcing de Gaulle from power. After order was reestablished in 1. Gaulle resigned and his successor, Georges Pompidou (1. Gaullist policies to include a stronger market orientation in domestic economic affairs. He saw seven prime ministers and two periods of “cohabitation” (1. He also saw France’s first female prime minister, Edith Cresson (1. Coward Of The County Midi Download Keyboard. Early in the Mitterrand presidency, the victorious socialists, carrying out their campaign pledges, imposed a wealth tax, nationalized key industries, decreed a 3.

The most notable and lasting achievements of the Mitterrand presidency, however, came in the international arena, where France’s major commitment remained the European Economic Community and, especially, improved Franco- German relations, regarded as the key to Europe’s integration. Under Mitterrand, after decades of ups and downs, the Common Market got a boost from the 1. Single European Act, which eased the free movement of goods and labor. A capstone accomplishment came in the 1. Treaty of Maastricht, which established a common currency and created the EU to coordinate foreign policy and immigration as well as economics. In promoting the treaty and monetary union, Mitterrand worked well with Germany’s Chancellor Helmut Kohl, strengthening Franco- German economic and security ties.

Chirac briefly resumed France’s nuclear testing in the South Pacific, despite widespread international protests.

Democrats. org: Change that Matters. THE 2. 01. 6 DEMOCRATIC PLATFORMEvery four years, the Democratic Party puts together our party platform, the ideas and beliefs that govern our party as a whole. What follows is our 2.

America forward. Democrats believe that cooperation is better than conflict, unity is better than division, empowerment is better than resentment, and bridges are better than walls. It’s a simple but powerful idea: We are stronger together. DOWNLOAD THE PDFContents. Choose a section to jump ahead, or scroll down to read the platform in its entirety.

American businesses have now added 1. Twenty million people have gained health insurance coverage. The American auto industry just had its best year ever. And we are getting more of our energy from the sun and wind, and importing less oil from overseas.

But too many Americans have been left out and left behind. They are working longer hours with less security. Wages have barely budged and the racial wealth gap remains wide, while the cost of everything from childcare to a college education has continued to rise. And for too many families, the dream of homeownership is out of reach. As working people struggle, the top one percent accrues more wealth and more power.

Republicans in Congress have chosen gridlock and dysfunction over trying to find solutions to the real challenges we face. It’s no wonder that so many feel like the system is rigged against them. Democrats believe that cooperation is better than conflict, unity is better than division, empowerment is better than resentment, and bridges are better than walls. It’s a simple but powerful idea: we are stronger together. Democrats believe we are stronger when we have an economy that works for everyone—an economy that grows incomes for working people, creates good- paying jobs, and puts a middle- class life within reach for more Americans. Democrats believe we can spur more sustainable economic growth, which will create good- paying jobs and raise wages. And we can have more economic fairness, so the rewards are shared broadly, not just with those at the top.

We need an economy that prioritizes long- term investment over short- term profit- seeking, rewards the common interest over self- interest, and promotes innovation and entrepreneurship. We believe that today’s extreme level of income and wealth inequality—where the majority of the economic gains go to the top one percent and the richest 2.

And we know that our nation’s long struggle with race is far from over. More than half a century after Rosa Parks sat and Dr. King marched and John Lewis bled, more than half a century after C. We must face that reality and we must fix it. We believe a good education is a basic right of all Americans, no matter what zip code they live in.

We will end the school- to- prison pipeline and build a cradle- to- college pipeline instead, where every child can live up to his or her God- given potential. We believe in helping Americans balance work and family without fear of punishment or penalty.

We believe in at last guaranteeing equal pay for women. And as the party that created Social Security, we believe in protecting every American’s right to retire with dignity.

We firmly believe that the greed, recklessness, and illegal behavior on Wall Street must be brought to an end. Wall Street must never again be allowed to threaten families and businesses on Main Street.

Democrats believe we are stronger when we protect citizens’ right to vote, while stopping corporations’ outsized influence in elections. We will fight to end the broken campaign finance system, overturn the disastrous Citizens United decision, restore the full power of the Voting Rights Act, and return control of our elections to the American people.

Democrats believe that climate change poses a real and urgent threat to our economy, our national security, and our children’s health and futures, and that Americans deserve the jobs and security that come from becoming the clean energy superpower of the 2. Democrats believe we are stronger and safer when America brings the world together and leads with principle and purpose. We believe we should strengthen our alliances, not weaken them. We believe in the power of development and diplomacy. We believe our military should be the best- trained, best- equipped fighting force in the world, and that we must do everything we can to honor and support our veterans. And we know that only the United States can mobilize common action on a truly global scale, to take on the challenges that transcend borders, from international terrorism to climate change to health pandemics.

Above all, Democrats are the party of inclusion. We know that diversity is not our problem—it is our promise. As Democrats, we respect differences of perspective and belief, and pledge to work together to move this country forward, even when we disagree. With this platform, we do not merely seek common ground—we strive to reach higher ground. We are proud of our heritage as a nation of immigrants. We know that today’s immigrants are tomorrow’s teachers, doctors, lawyers, government leaders, soldiers, entrepreneurs, activists, PTA members, and pillars of our communities.

We believe in protecting civil liberties and guaranteeing civil rights and voting rights, women’s rights and workers’ rights, LGBT rights, and rights for people with disabilities. We believe America is still, as Robert Kennedy said, “a great country, an unselfish country, and a compassionate country.”These principles stand in sharp contrast to the Republicans, who have nominated as the standard- bearer for their party and their candidate for President a man who seeks to appeal to Americans’ basest differences, rather than our better natures.

The stakes have been high in previous elections. But in 2. 01. 6, the stakes can be measured in human lives—in the number of immigrants who would be torn from their homes; in the number of faithful and peaceful Muslims who would be barred from even visiting our shores; in the number of allies alienated and dictators courted; in the number of Americans who would lose access to health care and see their rights ripped away. Chaos Faction 2 Download Swf Opener.

This election is about more than Democrats and Republicans. It is about who we are as a nation, and who we will be in the future. Two hundred and forty years ago, in Philadelphia, we started a revolution of ideas and of action that continues to this day. Since then, our union has been tested many times, through bondage and civil war, segregation and depression, two world wars and the threat of nuclear annihilation. Generations of Americans fought and marched and organized to widen the circle of opportunity and dignity—and we are fighting still. Despite what some say, America is and has always been great—but not because it has been perfect.

What makes America great is our unerring belief that we can make it better. We can and we will build a more just economy, a more equal society, and a more perfect union—because we are stronger together. Raise Incomes and Restore Economic Security for the Middle Class. Democrats believe we must break down all the barriers holding Americans back and restore the basic bargain that built America’s mighty middle class: If you work hard and play by the rules, you can get ahead and stay ahead. The system is not working when we have a rigged economy in which ordinary Americans work longer hours for lower wages, while most new income and wealth goes to the top one percent. Republican governors, legislatures, and their corporate allies have launched attack after attack on workers’ fundamental rights to organize and bargain collectively.

Too many Americans are living paycheck to paycheck, and hallmarks of a middle class life—owning a home, having access to affordable and quality childcare, retiring with dignity—feel out of reach. It is no wonder so many Americans feel like the deck is stacked against them.