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Cisco IOS - Wikipedia. This article is about Cisco Systems' router/switch OS.

Cisco Networking Software (IOS, XE, XR, and NX-OS) integrates technology innovation, business-critical services, and hardware platform support. Cisco IOS (originally Internetwork Operating System) is a family of software used on most Cisco Systems routers and current Cisco network switches.

Software Releases and Options. Cisco IOS XE Software for ASR 920 routers provides modular packaging, so you can buy just the software features you need. Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in /srv/users/serverpilot/apps/jujaitaly/public/index.php on line 447.

For the submarine cable system, see CIOS (cable system). Cisco IOS (originally Internetwork Operating System) is a family of software used on most Cisco Systemsrouters and current Cisco network switches. Although the IOS code base includes a cooperative multitasking kernel, most IOS features have been ported to other kernels such as QNX and Linux for use in Cisco products or simulators such as Cisco VIRL. Not all Cisco products run IOS. Blue Shell Bluetooth Software Download here.

Notable exceptions include ASA security products, which run a Linux- derived operating system, and carrier routers which run IOS- XR. Interface. The set available is determined by the . All commands are assigned a privilege level, from 0 to 1.

Through the CLI, the commands available to each privilege level can be defined. Most builds of IOS include a Tcl interpreter. Using the Embedded event manager feature, the interpreter can be scripted to react to events within the networking environment, such as interface failure or periodic timers.

Available command modes include. For example, 1. 2. E1. 4 is a Rebuild, the 1.

E. Rebuilds are produced to either quickly repair a defect, or to satisfy customers who do not want to upgrade to a later major revision because they may be running critical infrastructure on their devices, and hence prefer to minimise change and risk. Interim releases – Are usually produced on a weekly basis, and form a roll- up of current development effort. The Cisco advisory web site may list more than one possible interim to fix an associated issue (the reason for this is unknown to the general public). Maintenance releases – Rigorously tested releases that are made available and include enhancements and bug fixes. Cisco recommend upgrading to Maintenance releases where possible, over Interim and Rebuild releases. Cisco says, . Trains more or less map onto distinct markets or groups of customers that Cisco is targeting.

Updates are released only to address bugs in the product. The previous technology train becomes the source for the current mainline train — for example, the 1. T train becomes the basis for the 1.

Therefore, to determine the features available in a particular mainline release, look at the previous T train release. These are eventually merged with one the above trains. This train includes both extended maintenance releases and standard maintenance releases. The M releases are extended maintenance releases, and Cisco will provide bug fixes for 4. The T releases are standard maintenance releases, and Cisco will only provide bug fixes for 1. Packaging / feature sets. For example, Cisco IOS releases meant for use on Catalyst switches are available as .

Routers come with IP Base installed, and additional feature pack licenses can be installed as bolt- on additions to expand the feature set of the device. The available feature packs are: Data adds features like BFD, IP SLAs, IPX, L2. TPv. 3, Mobile IP, MPLS, SCTP. Security adds features like VPN, Firewall, IP SLAs, NAC. Unified Comms adds features like Call. Manager Express, Gatekeeper, H. IP SLAs, MGCP, SIP, Vo.

IP, CUBE(SBC). An Interface Descriptor Block, or simply IDB, is a portion of memory or Cisco IOS internal data structure that contains information such as the IP address, interface state, and packet statistics for networking data. Cisco's IOS software maintains one IDB for each hardware interface in a particular Cisco switch or router and one IDB for each subinterface. The number of IDBs present in a system varies with the Cisco hardware platform type. Architecture. Routing and other protocols run as Cisco IOS processes and contribute to the Routing Information Base (RIB).

This is processed to generate the final IP forwarding table (FIB, Forwarding Information Base), which is used by the forwarding function of the router. On router platforms with software- only forwarding (e.

Cisco 7. 20. 0) most traffic handling, including access control list filtering and forwarding, is done at interrupt level using Cisco Express Forwarding (CEF) or d. CEF (Distributed CEF). This means IOS does not have to do a process context switch to forward a packet. Routing functions such as OSPF or BGP run at the process level. In routers with hardware- based forwarding, such as the Cisco 1. IOS computes the FIB in software and loads it into the forwarding hardware (such as an ASIC or network processor), which performs the actual packet forwarding function.

Cisco IOS has a . There is no memory protection between processes, which means that bugs in IOS code can potentially corrupt data used by other processes. It also has a run to completion scheduler, which means that the kernel does not pre- empt a running process — the process must make a kernel call before other processes get a chance to run. For Cisco products that required very high availability, such as the Cisco CRS- 1, these limitations were not acceptable. In addition, competitive router operating systems that emerged 1. IOS, such as Juniper's JUNOS, were designed not to have these limitations. IOS XR uses a 3rd party real- time operating systemmicrokernel (QNX), and a large part of the current IOS code was re- written to take advantage of the features offered by the new kernel.

But the microkernel architecture removes from the kernel all processes that are not absolutely required to run in the kernel, and executes them as processes similar to the application processes. Through this method, IOS XR is able to achieve the high availability desired for the new router platform. Thus IOS and IOS XR are very different codebases, though related in functionality and design.

In 2. 00. 5, Cisco introduced IOS XR on the Cisco 1. CRS- 1 to Cisco's widely deployed core router. In 2. 00. 6, Cisco has made available IOS Software Modularity which extends the QNX microkernel into a more traditional IOS environment, but still providing the software upgrade capabilities that customers are demanding. It is currently available on the Catalyst 6. Security and vulnerabilities.

This is designed to prevent . AAA can use local, RADIUS, and TACACS+ databases. However, a local account is usually still required for emergency situations.

July 2. 8, 2. 01. Retrieved August 2, 2. Retrieved 2. 7 September 2. Retrieved 2. 1 Feb 2.

Retrieved August 9, 2. Retrieved August 9, 2. Press release. Cisco Systems. July 2. 8, 2. 00. Retrieved June 1.

Cisco IOS XE Software for Cisco ASR 9. Series Aggregation Services Routers Data Sheet. Cisco IOS. These feature sets can be activated as needed, allowing “pay as you grow” model. Figure 1. And as with all Cisco IOS Software, the code is divided into separate modules, so you can update them separately to get new features more quickly.

Cisco IOS XE Software also provides powerful resiliency. ASR 9. 20 routers are supported as of Cisco IOS XE Software Release 3. S. Consolidated Software Packages. Consolidated software packages contain a superset of all features. The individual feature sets can be activated once the correct feature licenses are applied to the router. Table 1 describes the two Cisco IOS XE universal consolidated packages supported on the ASR 9. Router and the functionality supported in this universal image.

The functionality is enforced through the appropriate technology package licenses. Table 1. With this capability, Cisco IOS Software feature sets can be activated with software licenses, supporting an “pay as you grow” model.

This model allows service providers to invest in software resources only when their businesses need them. All software licenses for Cisco ASR 9. ASR 9. 20 routers offer three Cisco IOS Software licenses.

Feature availability is dependent on software release and implementation schedule. Table 2. The A9. 00- IMA4. OS IM supports four OC3 ports. One license is required for each chassis that needs to activate IEEE 1. BC or MC functionality in the system. Cisco IOS XE Release Schedule.

The Cisco IOS XE software delivery schedule allows customers to qualify releases more quickly and have a definitive release schedule for new software images. This schedule includes. New software features and hardware are introduced in each release.

Releases have fewer incremental features included when compared with traditional Cisco IOS Software releases, reducing customer qualification time. A Standard Support release has a total engineering support lifetime of one year, with two scheduled rebuilds. The Extended Support release provides a total engineering support lifetime of two years, with four scheduled rebuilds.

For more information about the Cisco IOS XE Software end- of- life policy and associated support milestones for specific software releases, visit http: //www. For Standard Support releases, the first rebuild image is released two months after the parent image’s first customer shipment (FCS). The second rebuild image is released four months after the parent image’s FCS. The Extended Support release provides four scheduled rebuilds. The first two rebuilds are released at two- month intervals after FCS of the affected Cisco IOS XE Software release, and the second two rebuilds are released at four- month intervals thereafter.

Releases to correct critical problems (such as those identified by the Cisco Product Security Incident Response Team) are introduced as needed. Part Numbers of License Options and Product Activation Keys. Table 3 lists the part numbers of software feature options for Cisco ASR 9. Table 3. Availability of features is dependent on software release and implementation schedule. Table 4. 1. 73. 1 Performance Management (PM) over EFP for Delay Measurement (DM) and Synthetic Loss Measurement (SLM). These innovative services programs are delivered through a unique combination of people, processes, tools, and partners, promoting high levels of customer satisfaction.

Cisco Services help you protect your network investment, optimize network operations, and prepare your network for new applications to extend network intelligence and the power of your business. For more information about Cisco Services, refer to Cisco Technical Support Services or Cisco Advanced Services. We offer a portfolio of technical support services to help ensure that Cisco products operate efficiently, remain highly available, and benefit from the most up- to- date system software. The services and support programs described in Table 5 are available as part of the Cisco Carrier Ethernet Switching Service and Support solution and are available directly from Cisco and through Cisco resellers.