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World Education is a pioneer in education. Schools train children’s minds to travel far. Our technology signposts children’s minds to steer. Chapter 11: COMMON THEMES. Some important themes pervade science, mathematics, and technology and appear over and over again, whether we are looking at an. Learning Objectives. This is an intermediate level course. After taking this course, mental health professionals will be able to: List and discuss four medical.

Lucky Things You Probably Didn't Know About Leprechauns. In many periods of history, women have been discouraged from applying their minds to mathematics—but a few persevered. The world- altering contributions of these 1. HYPATIAHypatia (c. Her father Theon was a famous mathematician in Alexandria who wrote commentaries on Euclid’s Elements and works by Ptolemy.

Theon taught his daughter math and astronomy, then sent her to Athens to study the teachings of Plato and Aristotle. Father and daughter collaborated on several commentaries, but Hypatia also wrote commentaries of her own and lectured on math, astronomy, and philosophy. Sadly, she died at the hands of a mob of Christian zealots. EMILIE DU CHATELETMaurice Quentin de La Tour via Wikipedia // Public Domain. Emilie Du Chatelet (1. Paris in a home that entertained several scientists and mathematicians. Although her mother thought her interest in math was unladylike, her father was supportive.

Chatalet initially employed her math skills to gamble, which financed the purchase of math books and lab equipment. In 1. 72. 5 she married an army officer, the Marquis Florent- Claude du Chatalet, and the couple eventually had three children. Comment Installer Une Cloture Electrique Mouton. Her husband traveled frequently, an arrangement that provided ample time for her to study mathematics and write scientific articles (it also apparently gave her time to have an affair with Voltaire). From 1. 74. 5 until her death, Chatalet worked on a translation of Isaac Newton’s Principia.

She added her own commentaries, including valuable clarification of the principles in the original work. SOPHIE GERMAINSophie Germain (1. French Revolution. Since the fighting raged around her home, Germain could not explore the streets of Paris—instead she explored her father’s library, teaching herself Latin and Greek and reading respected mathematical works. Germain’s family also tried to discourage her academic leanings. Not wanting her to study at night, they denied her a fire in her room, but she lit candles and read anyway, bundled in blankets.

Since women’s educational opportunities were limited, Germain studied secretly at the Ecole Polytechnique, using the name of a previously enrolled male student. That worked until the teachers noticed the dramatic improvement in the student’s math skills. Although Germain never worked as a mathematician, she studied independently and wrote about the subject. She is best known for her work on Fermat’s Last Theorem, considered at the time to be one of the most challenging mathematical puzzles. A 1. 7th century mathematician named Pierre de Fermat claimed he could prove that the equation x^n + y^n = z^n had no integer solution when n was greater than 2, but his proof was never written down. Germain proposed a new way of looking at the problem.

Germain also became the first woman to win a prize from the Paris Academy of Sciences, for writing about elasticity theory. Today that prize is known as the Sophie Germain Prize. MARY SOMERVILLEThomas Phillips via Wikipedia // Public Domain. Mary Somerville (1. Scotland, and was not particularly interested in academics as a child—she only attended school for a year. However, when she encountered an algebra symbol in a puzzle at age 1. Her parents tried to discourage her, worried that her intellectual preoccupations might drive her insane.

Her second husband, Dr. William Somerville, an inspector of the Army Medical Board, was proud of her work in mathematics and astronomy. For her work translating a book titled Celestial Mechanics and adding commentary, she was named an honorary member of the Royal Astronomical Society. Physicist Sir David Brewster called her “certainly the most extraordinary woman in Europe—a mathematician of the very first rank with all the gentleness of a woman.” When John Stuart Mill petitioned the British government for women’s votes, he filed his petition with Somerville’s signature first.

She was proof that women were men’s intellectual equals. ADA LOVELACEAlfred Edward Chalonvia Wikipedia // Public Domain. The next time you download some electronica, you may want to remember Augusta Ada King- Noel, Countess of Lovelace (1. Lovelace was born during the brief marriage of poet George, Lord Byron and Anne Milbanke, Lady Wentworth.

Her mother did not want her to be a poet like her father and encouraged her interest in mathematics and music. As a teenager, Ada began to correspond with Charles Babbage, a professor at Cambridge. At the time, Babbage was working on his ideas for a calculating machine called the Analytical Engine, now considered a precursor to the computer. Babbage was solely focused on the calculating aspects, but Lovelace supplied notes that helped envision other possibilities, including the idea of computer- generated music. Lovelace also translated an article about the Analytic Engine by French mathematician Louis Menebrea. Her notes include an algorithm showing how to calculate a sequence of numbers, which forms the basis for the design of the modern computer. It was the first algorithm created expressly for a machine to perform.

Lovelace was a countess after her marriage, but she preferred to describe herself as an analyst and a metaphysician. Babbage called her “the enchantress of numbers”—but she might also be called the world’s first computer programmer. FLORENCE NIGHTINGALEFlorence Nightingale (1. In her efforts to improve the survival rates of hospital patients, Nightingale became a statistician. When the “lady with the lamp” returned from service during the Crimean War, she expressed sadness about how many soldiers had become sick and died while lying in the hospital.

The figures she gathered indicated that a lack of sanitation was the primary reason for the high mortality rate. Efforts were instituted to make hospitals cleaner and thus safer. South Park Audio Latino Descargar Mp3. Not only did Nightingale’s discovery save lives and change hospital protocol forever, but she also designed charts that were easy on the Queen’s eyes. Statistics had been presented with graphics only rarely before, and Nightingale’s work helped pioneer the field of applied statistics. She is particularly known for inventing a new kind of graph known as a coxcomb, which was a variation on a pie chart.

She said that the graph was designed “to affect thro’ the Eyes what we fail to convey to the public through their word- proof ears.”7. EMMY NOETHERLike Hypatia, Emmy Noether (1. Her father, Max Noether, was a German math professor, but becoming a math teacher would be a longer process for her. After being certified to teach English and French, she also wanted a degree in mathematics, but she had to wait—the University of Erlangen in Bavaria did not let women officially enroll until 1. Noether eventually received her doctorate in mathematics, but because her university had a policy against hiring female professors, she instead helped her father in his work at the Mathematics Institute in Erlangen (without being paid), researching and writing papers on the side. In 1. 91. 8 she proved two theorems, one of which is now known as .

Finally, in 1. 92. But her teaching career was short- lived. Because of growing anti- Semitism, she and other Jewish mathematicians had to flee Germany in 1. She moved to the United States, and taught at Bryn Mawr College until her death.

After her death in 1. Albert Einstein described Noether in a letter to The New York Times with these words: .

MARY CARTWRIGHTMary Cartwright (1. She was the first woman to receive the Sylvester Medal for mathematical research and the first to serve as president of the London Mathematical Society (1. In 1. 91. 9 she was one of only five women studying mathematics at Oxford University. When she did not score well on her tests, she briefly considered giving up math. Fortunately, she chose to persevere, and went on to lecture at Cambridge University. She later earned a doctorate in philosophy and had her thesis published in the Quarterly Journal of Mathematics.

After being awarded a research fellowship, she went on to publish more than 1.